functional characteristics of animal names was in speech acts of the German language
The role of the animal in man's life always very great.
The enclosure of the animal world knowledge into the system of metaphorical means of human characteristics is a legitimate stage in the development of human knowledge about themselves as on a specific object. The Zoocharakteristiken of people reflect the Natinaloriginalität particularly vividly. The names of animals as a research deserve special consideration due to a special scheme form, resulting in the laws, which require a specific description.
The learning of the scientific literature shows that, despite the universality of certain human characterizing Zoolexik are the researches in this field is limited. One must notice that the characteristics used for the human animal names, and N. Beyer, W. Fleischer, E. Leishman, N. Pfeiffer and others were explored.
Our goal is to analyze how and what works in animals with different speech acts can.
animal names are an important part of the German Worschatzes. After an approximate estimate there are about 1 million species known to science or animal names. [The German language B.2 1970, 740]. Very large proportion of animal names from the word education. They form adjectives, such as stuck-up, dirty, bears moderate, verbs such as buffalo, oxen hoard. Particularly numerous are the compounds formed by the animal names. The sheer number of compositions with the "dog" is about 140th These are for example: dog violets, deer dogs, freezing cold, Others like nothing from the animal names are many pros and Famieliennamen, such as: wolf, fox, lion, ostrich and others [Fleischer1968, 151]. Animal names are found in many idiomatic phrases such as: coming home to a monkey to behave like a bull in Porzelanladen. Animal names are used as benchmarks in many visual comparisons, such as: busy as bees, stubborn as a mule, like a roof to sleep etc. Also many proverbs with animal names, 96 are for example with "dog". [Beyer 1987, 277-279]. Many animals are symbols of different physical, intellectual and moral qualities and behaviors of people, some of which are used even to describe several very different properties. The catalog of the properties designated by the names of animals you can find names for thick, thin, skinny, ugly, dirty, stupid, nasty, naughty, clumsy, combative and quarrelsome, spiteful, egensinnige, sneaky, anxious, clever, moody, annoying, reckless, conceited, thieving, vulgar or overly fashionably dressed people, names for drunks, cops, detectives Others, therefore designate as: Fettsau, fat pig, belly / Stout / Speckwanst, cow / dairy, pug- big fat people; Herring thin and lean ; spider-man with thin legs, females with Eule/Haareule- tangled, unkempt hair ; porcupine - unshaven men , shaggy, unkempt males with long hair including ugly, unsympathetic people are called: old owl, old quail, grasshopper, crow, monkey grimace / monkey ass face; for dirty people, there are: pig, hog / pig, hedgehog and compounds with mud and dung as the first component: Dreckbär,-fink, mutton-,-sau, sparrow, swallow, shit blackbird-bee-bock,-fink, beetles, including: sewer rat, Pottsau, wild pig, bastard, dirty boy, swallow etc. clumsy clumsy, hot people: bear, Buldog, elephant-enbaby, Chick, Gorilla, Mole, camel, hippopotamus, horse, walrus etc.
The largest group are the names of animals, the stupid people to designate be used: goose (stupid, stupid, stupid), snow goose, goat, chicken, chicken soup, stupid cow, Schneekuh, turkey, goat (stupid, stupid), goat for females, monkey, old monkey, ox, Ocksenkopf for males and ass / donkey head / square donkeys, wild ass / two-legged donkey, grasshopper, lamb, ox horn , cattle, calf, calf's head, camel / camel hair, giant camel, frog, cow's head, Maulaffe, moon calf, baboon, Ross / Upper Ross, sheep / sheep head / sheep / lamb / Sparrow head / birdbrain / sparrow brain, stupid dog, stupid mutton for people in general.
congregation, unscrupulous, perfidious people is denoted by Dog / Bloodhound / Himmerlhund / Hellhound / bastard / Mist dog / bitch / Lau
sehund / rascal / son of a bitch, becket, dog bones, Pottsau, bastard, rat / rotten, rat, sheep manure, dung cattle Rabenaas, Pottsau, pork / pork beet etc.
armed and quarrelsome people called: chicken fight, dispute Hahn, Strethammel, flaps snake, goat storms, poisonous spider; stubborn - Bock (a stubborn goat), donkey (a stubborn donkey), Saukopf, dray , sneaky, Deceitful - Snake (treacherous), cat (wrong cat), crooked, wrong dog, earwig; anxious- Rabbit / coward / coward / rabbit heart; reckless - chicken, fly, moth, mouse, butterfly, first served.
Beischlafwillige, uncomplicated young women bed Rabbit / Bunny bed / bed little mouse / kitty bed.
tasteless, flashy or overly fashionably dressed people - brindled cow, Pfingstochse, circus horse, Modeaffe / Fashion bitch Others
drunks, alcoholics be Schluckspecht, boozer, policemen and detectives - Pig, Green Woodpecker mentioned.
animal names occur in different speech acts.
The most important and most common of these is speech negative partner review. It includes the assessment of the partner as a total person, or any of its properties or actions. In the vocabulary of the negative reviews partner is almost everything that is considered to be in human society, uncomfortable, rude, despicable, detestable. Realized by the animal with speech negative partners Rate can be divided into two patterns: abusing and abuse.
Both designate certain linguistic behaviors in affect. In the emotion you go out of himself jumping the shackles of restraint and decency. They belong to the basic equipment of the people are deeply connected to its existence, with attack and defense to the outside and the always vulnerable position of the individual in the social order and therefore break even in extreme situations clarified most by ghosts. "[Seibicke 1999, 499]. The core of the basic pattern in both sub-samples are animal names as swear words that are spoken to people rather than their names or titles in a derogatory manner or be named, what happens to an offensive intention, and in which simultaneously solves the excitement of the speaker. This speech is often accompanied by violent gestures and usually performed with large volume.
The speech abusing is realized in the presence of the partner and is therefore a partner-related speech. His goal is to partner with coarse words to insult, herunterzuputzen injure, to reprimand him ridiculous to make a mockery of, for example: "You are a goose , Agnes, .. . a good, silly goose , Agnes ! " [Feuchtwanger 1965, 188] "O , Stanislaus, I thought you were an intelligent fellow, but you're the biggest cattle on Earth!"
[Traven 1967, 214] " No, you are a liar! You are a hypocritical snake ! Her speech was indecent " [Pfeiffer 1999, 368]" O you dog " Marti screamed over "! O calf how stupid are you! " [Keller 1963, 90]" Take that you get away , you ass! " [Keller 1963, 83] The grandfather is angry, trembling on the threshold . " your dogs, you dogs , cursed their Höllenürmer her." [Schtrittmatter 1968, 327-328)] "You old cow ! What are you doing? " [Keller 1963, 86]
Such elliptical utterances are typical for abuse and occur most frequently. These basic forms of abuse are the negative evaluative adjectives the major structural addition that still can be reinforced with adverbs or particles. The speech abusing can also be realized by a single animal names, which is a more or less emphatic exclamation.
for example: "After Meran, Bolzano, Trento, I ride with her ! you reveal it, toad ! "[Feuchtwanger 1965, 93]" pigs! want you to have fun with your goats "[Brecht, 1953, 59]
These insults are not only from the basic pattern with the copula "to be" derived, but they can also be based on an implicit or explicit comparison You pig ! = You look / eat / up behaving like a pig . [Adamzik 1984, 296]
to be negative qualification of the partner is used sometimes completely absurd, unusual, absurd expressions. This means that basically not only with conventionalized, but can also abuse any animal with someone, but of course they get such a value only in the interview situation, that they are okasionelle shame expressions. This is shown by an insult duel between Robert Lohkampf and a passerby in the novel by Remarque "Three Comrades" On the street I bumped into a fat, little man. "Lock your eyes on it, you bock final wisp of straw," he barked. I stared at him.
"Perhaps more people do not see what?" He gaped on.
"people well," I said, "but no beer, kegs to go walking."
The Big thought for a second. "You have the Zoo , dreamy Go kangaroos business being on the road nothing"
I realize that I had a disgraceful high class ahead of me.
"Walk on, insane premature baby," I said
"Let them inject concrete into the brain, wrinkled Hundsaffe " he barked.
I gave him back a decadent puncture. He me a Kakadu in the Mauser, and I him an unemployed body scrubber. Then he called me, even with respect, as cancer Cow's head. [Remarque 1969, 56-57]
When abusing the truth form the utterance of great importance. Insulting and offensive, especially verbal abuse, a value-neutral property qualify pejorative or negative take on the real existing property reference. Particularly strong are the degrading relations offensive to people with physical or mental infirmity [Adamzik 1984, 298-299]
eg " The Pug from Mainz", said the MPs Kleinert by the Greens, in 1987 the German Bundestag, the chubby fellow Gerster came forward. [Pfeiffer 1999, 278]
abuse is the verbal reaction to a frustration or Vorsagung have many causes, such as: adversity, disappointment, feelings of superiority. This speech tries the speaker, his indignation, anger at someone with strong words (uncontrolled) to increase expression [Duden 1996, 1320]. It is more used to the effect psyhischen sake, as a recognition of items [Adamzik 984, 296!; Seibicke 1999, 497]. Ranting generally require no partner, just being shouted to himself. Therefore, the speaker-related abuse by U. Engel is to be distinguished strictly from the partner-related insults. Also that the swearing in fact there are often partners, which then react well (agreeing, appeasing conflict,), is secondary [Engel 1988, 68-69]. When on-the-cursing and swearing in the mind arises from the ranting, swearing that he and his partner insulted, ridiculed, and his anger by trying to reduce congestion emotion. But if this speech is held in someone's presence, it means that the communicative intention of scolding the Communication implies that he is annoyed by the others. eg: " This cough was always in the most stupid moments , sounds. Zaremba wanted to have a doctor immediately, the dog . " [Plenzdorf 1977.82] Next comes ¢ s not. ! The boatswain is a dog " [Traven 1967.52] He laughed sardonically :" It is a jealous Goose [Feuchtwanger 1965, 83] "People like you are fault that this pig Lano can dare to speak, so us to . "[Brecht, 1953, 159]" would do If I could, my dear guests, pig guys, now all that is pure soil here. "[Brecht, 1953, 58] A female cats, dogs, foxes and wolves has brought to the world, and they're walking around through decades of children figure in human form in my house. " (Privy gorges on his children). mean [ captain in 1960, 116] Such comments: Leno is pork, pork are my guests, my children are cats, dogs, foxes and wolves.
animal names are also found in the speech negative self-Rate when the speaker of negative consequences of its action is concerned, his mistakes realizes angry about himself and his resentment, anger, his dissatisfaction expresses. The possible objects of anger that perceives the speaker can own misconduct, the be consequences of his inability or awkwardness of his forgetfulness, which cause him harm or suffering. This speech is either carried out of the speaker or when alone in one's presence, eg: " Lord God, the car belonged to them? I donkey, donkey I mad! Tricked, made to the bar! " [Remarque 1960.386] I'm an old sheep . I have otherwise been too stupid idea. [Traven 1967, 303] "To me, I need to watch it. I am also a pork guy. "[Brecht, 1953, 58]" We are nice ass . As we eat the soap, margarine is. " [Traven 1967, 214] statements with negative self-evaluation are relatively rare, because you do not like realizes his mistake, admits and criticized.
In speech positive partners Rate some animal names are used as terms of endearment. With a nickname, ie to speak of a loving, confidential name out to people that love each other. The number of such animal names is not large. They are as Rabbit / hare, mouse / little mouse, Mausi, sheep / sheep, sparrow / Spatzierer and dove. E. Leishman called yet: Häsi, duck / Watschelente, Affi, hamsters, Leu, Tigi / Tigeri, Böckli, Würtz, Igeli, frog / Fröschli, beetles, bear and cat. [Leisi 1978, 17-18] Moreover, the adjective "sweet" sweet "and" small "to the frequently used in the affectionate form of address: My dear, sweet little mouse , why do you say anything? Or: My dove, I long for you. Come soon. your house. Most pet name as pet names are not brought to the public because they are private and intimate domain of our lives but ridiculous in the society. Almost all the animal names used as terms of endearment are diminutives that are not in these cases to express smallness, but rather are einaffektisches ratio can be: words for animals that are despised as such by many people, like mice and beetles, are traditional love words. The same applies to terms such as spontaneous frog and worm [Leisi 1978, 19]
As the above examples show, it engages in the enforcement of the treated speech acts very much like to pet names. They say: You pig instead : Thou, dirty or nasty guy which is also offended, but with the names of animals reach more effect, one hits the mark, because no one wants to be related to a beast. In addition, names of animals as a metaphor to understand, is visually and evoke diverse associations.
So are the names of animals rather strange fragments of the German-speaking image. The metaphor of type "animal man" playing in the Germans, the role of a powerful medium of expression, the beigibt subjective metaphor, the similarity between the animal world objects and the human feelings and emotions. The animal names as language resources can work only in the speech acts of informal speech.
may be the contrastive analysis of the animal names in German and Ukrainian languages As a perspective of further exploration.
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